Volumes | Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology | American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection

Skip Nav Destination

ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology

Bioengineering for Medical Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Imaging

Porous Silicon-Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Complexes and Impact on Negative Contrast Enhancement in MRI

Charles M. Lundquist, Christopher H. Loo, Aaron Mack, Jianhua Gu, Jim A. Bankson, Rita E. Serda

NEMB 2013; V001T01A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93065

View Articletitled, Porous Silicon-Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Complexes and Impact on Negative Contrast Enhancement in MRI

PDF

Topics: Iron , Magnetic resonance imaging , Silicon , Superparamagnetism , Agar , Particulate matter , Capillarity , Carbon nanotubes , Diffusion (Physics) , Gadolinium

Monitoring Cellular Trafficking of Nanoparticle Cargo in Murine Macrophages Through Plasmon Coupling Microscopy

Björn M. Reinhard, Hongyun Wang, Linxi Wu

NEMB 2013; V001T01A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93078

Abstract

View Articletitled, Monitoring Cellular Trafficking of Nanoparticle Cargo in Murine Macrophages Through Plasmon Coupling Microscopy

PDF

Topics: Microscopy , Nanoparticles , Plasmons (Physics) , Resonance , Wavelength , Agglomeration (Materials) , Emission spectroscopy , Fluorescence , Metals , Redshift

Ultrasound Mediated Enhancement of Nanoparticle Uptake in PC-3 Cancer Cells

Antony Thomas, Paige Baldwin, Yaling Liu

NEMB 2013; V001T01A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93115

Abstract

View Articletitled, Ultrasound Mediated Enhancement of Nanoparticle Uptake in PC-3 Cancer Cells

PDF

Topics: Cancer , Nanoparticles , Ultrasound , Microbubbles , Cell membranes , Drug delivery systems , Food and Drug Administration , Frequency-domain analysis , Imaging , Permeability

In Vivo Biomarker Capture via the Skin Using Surface-Modified Microprojection Arrays

Simon R. Corrie, Jacob W. Coffey, Mark A. F. Kendall

NEMB 2013; V001T01A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93215

Abstract

View Articletitled, In Vivo Biomarker Capture via the Skin Using Surface-Modified Microprojection Arrays

PDF

Topics: Skin , Blood , Needles , Testing

Nano-/Microfluidics in Biology and Medicine: Analysis, Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Multiparametric MEMS Biosensors With Integrated Impedance Spectroscopy and Gravimetric Measurements for Water Toxicity Sensing

Fei Liu, Fang Li, Ali Khademhosseini, Ioana Voiculescu

NEMB 2013; V001T02A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93034

Abstract

View Articletitled, Multiparametric MEMS Biosensors With Integrated Impedance Spectroscopy and Gravimetric Measurements for Water Toxicity Sensing

PDF

Topics: Biosensors , Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , Microelectromechanical systems , Water , Resonance , Sensors , Design , Electrodes , Endothelial cells , Manufacturing

Study of Long Term Viability of Endothelial Cells on Biochip for Rapid and Reliable Water Toxicity Measurements

Fei Liu, Tingting Chen, Xudong Zhang, Fang Li, Ioana Voiculescu

NEMB 2013; V001T02A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93035

Abstract

View Articletitled, Study of Long Term Viability of Endothelial Cells on Biochip for Rapid and Reliable Water Toxicity Measurements

PDF

Topics: Endothelial cells , Water , Microfluidics , Flow (Dynamics) , Sensors , Shear stress , Analytical methods , Biocompatible polymers , Biosensors , Cell membranes

Recognize and Manipulate Pressure to Influence How Components Will Self-Assemble

Brenda K. Krkosska Bayles

NEMB 2013; V001T02A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93047

Abstract

View Articletitled, Recognize and Manipulate Pressure to Influence How Components Will Self-Assemble

PDF

Topics: Pressure , Chain , Dipoles (Electromagnetism) , DNA , Engineers , Enzymes , Experimental methods , Self-assembly , Surface properties

Mechanism of Cell Lysis in Microfluidic Channel With Integrated Nanocomposite Electrodes

Madhusmita Mishra, Anil Krishna Koduri, Aman Chandra, D. Roy Mahapatra, G. M. Hegde

NEMB 2013; V001T02A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93126

Abstract

View Articletitled, Mechanism of Cell Lysis in Microfluidic Channel With Integrated Nanocomposite Electrodes

PDF

Topics: Electrodes , Microfluidics , Nanocomposites , Electric fields , Microchannels , Biological cells , Carbon nanotubes , Coating processes , Coatings , DNA

Modeling and Simulation of Hydrodynamic Interaction of DNA in a Micro-Fluidic Channel

Sunitha Raghavan, D. Roy Maahapatra, Arnab Samanta

NEMB 2013; V001T02A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93127

Abstract

View Articletitled, Modeling and Simulation of Hydrodynamic Interaction of DNA in a Micro-Fluidic Channel

PDF

Topics: DNA , Microfluidics , Modeling , Simulation , Fluids , Chain , Geometry , Microchannels , Boundary-value problems , Center of mass

Tumor-on-Chip: Simulation of Complex Transport Around Tumor

Bongseop Kwak, Kinam Park, Bumsoo Han

NEMB 2013; V001T02A006doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93314

Abstract

View Articletitled, Tumor-on-Chip: Simulation of Complex Transport Around Tumor

PDF

Topics: Simulation , Tumors , Biological tissues , Blood , Bridges (Structures) , Drugs , Fluid pressure , Microfluidics , Nanoparticles , Performance

Nanoengineering for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

Effects of Freezing on Collagen Nanoscale Structure in Engineered Tissues

Altug Ozcelikkale, Yan Li, Xianfan Xu, Bumsoo Han

NEMB 2013; V001T03A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93125

Abstract

View Articletitled, Effects of Freezing on Collagen Nanoscale Structure in Engineered Tissues

PDF

Topics: Biological tissues , Freezing , Nanoscale phenomena , Biomaterials , Cryonics , Performance , Physiology

Remote Control of Cell Behaviour Through an External Magnetic Field as Tool for Nanomedicine Applications

Silvia Panseri, Monica Sandri, Carla Cunha, Michele Iafisco, Maurilio Marcacci, Anna Tampieri

NEMB 2013; V001T03A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93169

Abstract

View Articletitled, Remote Control of Cell Behaviour Through an External Magnetic Field as Tool for Nanomedicine Applications

PDF

Topics: Magnetic fields , Nanomedicine , Biological tissues , Biomedicine , Ions , Nanoparticles , Superparamagnetism

Critical Long Bone Defect Treated by Magnetic Scaffolds and Fixed by Permanent Magnets

Alessandro Russo, Silvia Panseri, Tatiana Shelyakova, Monica Sandri, Chiara Dionigi, Alessandro Ortolani, Steve Meikle, Joe Lacey, Anna Tampieri, Valentin Dediu, Matteo Santin, Maurilio Marcacci

NEMB 2013; V001T03A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93193

Abstract

View Articletitled, Critical Long Bone Defect Treated by Magnetic Scaffolds and Fixed by Permanent Magnets

PDF

Topics: Bone , Permanent magnets , Computer software , Finite element analysis , Magnetic fields , Nanoparticles , Surgery , Biocompatibility , Biodegradation , Bridges (Structures)

Electroactive, Multi-Component Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

K. D. McKeon-Fischer, D. H. Flagg, J. H. Rossmeisl, A. R. Whittington, J. W. Freeman

NEMB 2013; V001T03A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93197

Abstract

View Articletitled, Electroactive, Multi-Component Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

PDF

Topics: Muscle , Biocompatibility , Multi-walled carbon nanotubes , Biological tissues , Hydrogels , Wounds

Fully Biodegradable Magnetic Micro-Nanoparticles: A New Platform for Tissue Regeneration and Theranostic

Monica Sandri, Michele Iafisco, Silvia Panseri, Elisa Savini, Anna Tampieri

NEMB 2013; V001T03A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93223

Abstract

View Articletitled, Fully Biodegradable Magnetic Micro-Nanoparticles: A New Platform for Tissue Regeneration and Theranostic

PDF

Topics: Biodegradation , Biological tissues , Nanoparticles , Biomedicine , Magnetic materials , Biocompatibility , Magnetic fields , Vehicles , Cancer , Mechanical properties

Manufacturing and Materials for Nanomedicine, Biology and Nanoengineering

Engineering Drug Delivery Vehicles With Multiphase Microfluidics

Ho Cheung Shum, Tiantian Kong, Zhou Liu, Yang Song

NEMB 2013; V001T04A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93028

Abstract

View Articletitled, Engineering Drug Delivery Vehicles With Multiphase Microfluidics

PDF

Topics: Drug delivery systems , Microfluidics , Vehicles , Drugs , Emulsions , Particulate matter , Shells

Intrathecal Magnetic Drug Targeting: A New Approach to Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Eric Lueshen, Indu Venugopal, Andreas Linninger

NEMB 2013; V001T04A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93117

Abstract

View Articletitled, Intrathecal Magnetic Drug Targeting: A New Approach to Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System

PDF

Topics: Diseases , Drugs , Nervous system , Nanoparticles , Canals , Drug delivery systems , Magnetic fields , Cerebrospinal fluid , Human spine , Magnetite

Integrating Sensors With Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

Archana Komirisetty, Frances Williams, Aswini Pradhan, Meric Arslan

NEMB 2013; V001T04A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93121

Abstract

View Articletitled, Integrating Sensors With Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

PDF

Topics: Biomedicine , Nanostructures , Sensors , Electrodes , Biosensors , Glucose , Manufacturing , Nanorods , Silver , Stability

In Vivo Delivery of IL-1ra From PLGA Microspheres Prevents IL-1β Induced Glycosaminoglycan Loss in the Rat Caudal Intervertebral Disc

Deborah J. Gorth, John T. Martin, George R. Dodge, Nader M. Hebela, Neil R. Malhotra, Robert L. Mauck, Dawn M. Elliott, Lachlan J. Smith

NEMB 2013; V001T04A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93134

Abstract

View Articletitled, In Vivo Delivery of IL-1ra From PLGA Microspheres Prevents IL-1β Induced Glycosaminoglycan Loss in the Rat Caudal Intervertebral Disc

PDF

Topics: Intervertebral discs , PLGA , Disks

Multiscale Modeling and Experiment in Biology and Medicine

Spatiotemporal Temperature in a Tumor During Nanorod Assisted Thermal Therapy

Sanjeev Soni, Himanshu Tyagi, Robert A. Taylor, Amod Kumar

NEMB 2013; V001T05A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93053

Abstract

View Articletitled, Spatiotemporal Temperature in a Tumor During Nanorod Assisted Thermal Therapy

PDF

Topics: Nanorods , Patient treatment , Spatiotemporal phenomena , Temperature , Tumors , Biological tissues , Heat , Nanoparticles , Cancer , Computer simulation

Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanobio Membrane in Interaction With Protein

Negin Maftouni, Mehriar Amininasab, MohammadReza Ejtehadi, Farshad Kowsari

NEMB 2013; V001T05A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93054

Abstract

View Articletitled, Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanobio Membrane in Interaction With Protein

PDF

Topics: Membranes , Molecular dynamics simulation , Proteins , Pressure , Surface tension , Atoms , Deformation , Engineering simulation , Intermolecular forces , Lipid bilayers

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of a Microbead in an Optical Trapping Process

Mahdi Haghshenas-Jaryani, Nguyen T. Tran, Alan P. Bowling, James A. Drake, Samarendra Mohanty

NEMB 2013; V001T05A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93059

Abstract

View Articletitled, Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of a Microbead in an Optical Trapping Process

PDF

Topics: Multiscale modeling , Simulation , Dynamics (Mechanics) , Atoms , Cell membranes , Dimensionless numbers , DNA , Drag (Fluid dynamics) , Equations of motion , Geometric optics

Development of a Dynamic Testing Device for Predicting the Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) Effect of Different Nanoparticles in Tumor Vessels

Sungchul Baek, Robert A. Taylor, Tracie J. Barber

NEMB 2013; V001T05A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93075

Abstract

View Articletitled, Development of a Dynamic Testing Device for Predicting the Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) Effect of Different Nanoparticles in Tumor Vessels

PDF

Topics: Dynamic testing (Engineering) , Dynamic testing (Materials) , Microfluidics , Nanoparticles , Tumors , Vessels

A Multiscale Pressure-Volume Model of Celebrospinal Fluid Dynamics: Application to Hydrocephalus

Justin Kauffman, Corina S. Drapaca

NEMB 2013; V001T05A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93086

Abstract

View Articletitled, A Multiscale Pressure-Volume Model of Celebrospinal Fluid Dynamics: Application to Hydrocephalus

PDF

Topics: Fluid dynamics , Pressure , Brain , Biological tissues , Cerebrospinal fluid , Diseases , Dynamics (Mechanics) , Nonlinear differential equations , Performance , Surgery

Multiscale Modeling of Flow Induced Thrombogenicity Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Molecular Dynamics

Danny Bluestein, João S. Soares, Peng Zhang, Chao Gao, Seetha Pothapragada, Na Zhang, Marvin J. Slepian, Yuefan Deng

NEMB 2013; V001T05A006doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93094

Abstract

View Articletitled, Multiscale Modeling of Flow Induced Thrombogenicity Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Molecular Dynamics

PDF

Topics: Flow (Dynamics) , Molecular dynamics , Multiscale modeling , Particle dynamics , Platelets , Thrombosis , Blood , Blood flow , Erythrocytes , Fluids

Implementation Issues With Far Field Approximations With Multi-Resolution Biopolymer Simulations

Jeremy Laflin, Mohammad Poursina, Kurt Anderson, Daniel Koerner

NEMB 2013; V001T05A007doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93098

Abstract

View Articletitled, Implementation Issues With Far Field Approximations With Multi-Resolution Biopolymer Simulations

PDF

Topics: Approximation , Biopolymers , Engineering simulation , Resolution (Optics) , Simulation , Atoms

A Robust Framework for Adaptive Multiscale Modeling of Biopolymers Using Highly Parallelizable Methods

Imad M. Khan, Kurt S. Anderson

NEMB 2013; V001T05A008doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93099

Abstract

View Articletitled, A Robust Framework for Adaptive Multiscale Modeling of Biopolymers Using Highly Parallelizable Methods

PDF

Topics: Biopolymers , Multiscale modeling , Dynamics (Mechanics) , Simulation , Atoms , Algorithms , DNA , Enzymes , Equilibrium (Physics) , Molecular dynamics

The Effects of Retesting on the Mechanical Properties of the Brain Tissue

Asghar Rezaei, Ghodrat Karami, Fardad Azarmi, Mehdi Salimi Jazi, Mariusz Ziejewski

NEMB 2013; V001T05A009doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93101

Abstract

View Articletitled, The Effects of Retesting on the Mechanical Properties of the Brain Tissue

PDF

Topics: Biological tissues , Brain , Mechanical properties , Relaxation (Physics) , Deformation , Stress

Study the Effects of Padding Materials on the Level of the Load in the Brain

Mehdi Salimi Jazi, Asghar Rezaei, Ghodrat Karami, Fardad Azarmi, Mariusz Ziejewski

NEMB 2013; V001T05A010doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93102

Abstract

View Articletitled, Study the Effects of Padding Materials on the Level of the Load in the Brain

PDF

Topics: Brain , Collisions (Physics) , Cushioning materials , Military systems , Motor vehicles , Shock waves , Soldiers , Sports , Stress , Traumatic brain injury

Material Properties of Porcine Corneal Stroma in Unconfined Compression

Hamed Hatami-Marbini, Ebitimi Etebu

NEMB 2013; V001T05A011doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93113

Abstract

View Articletitled, Material Properties of Porcine Corneal Stroma in Unconfined Compression

PDF

Topics: Compression , Cornea , Materials properties , Fibers , Biological tissues , Deformation , Fluids , Ions , Maintenance , Mechanical properties

Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy Temperature Distribution Modeling and Validation

Robert V. Stigliano, Fridon Shubitidze, P. Jack Hoopes

NEMB 2013; V001T05A012doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93123

Abstract

View Articletitled, Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy Temperature Distribution Modeling and Validation

PDF

Topics: Cancer , Modeling , Nanoparticles , Patient treatment , Temperature distribution , Tumors , Heating , Temperature , Biological tissues , Heat

Predicting Endothelial Cell Phenotypes in Angiogenesis

David T. Ryan, Jingzhe Hu, Byron L. Long, Amina A. Qutub

NEMB 2013; V001T05A013doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93124

Abstract

View Articletitled, Predicting Endothelial Cell Phenotypes in Angiogenesis

PDF

Topics: Endothelial cells , Diseases , Cancer , Cardiovascular system , Design , Image processing

Biological Nanomechanics: Materials Factors in Physiology, Disease and Treatment

Blebbing Dynamics, Single Cell Force Measurements, and the Influence of Cytochalasin D on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Using STEP Fibers

Puja Sharma, Brian Koons, Amrinder S. Nain

NEMB 2013; V001T06A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93105

Abstract

View Articletitled, Blebbing Dynamics, Single Cell Force Measurements, and the Influence of Cytochalasin D on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Using STEP Fibers

PDF

Topics: Dynamics (Mechanics) , Fibers , Force measurement , Tumors , Nanofibers , Deflection , Electrospinning , Nervous system

Study on Specific Binding Interaction Between Protein and DNA Aptamer via Dynamic Force Spectroscopy

Xiao Ma, Pranav Shrotriya

NEMB 2013; V001T06A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93119

Abstract

View Articletitled, Study on Specific Binding Interaction Between Protein and DNA Aptamer via Dynamic Force Spectroscopy

PDF

Topics: DNA , Proteins , Spectroscopy , Atomic force microscopy , Design , Nanoscale phenomena , Sensors

In Vitro Cancer Metastasis Induced by Mechanical Force

Xin Tang, Taher Saif

NEMB 2013; V001T06A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93130

Abstract

View Articletitled, In Vitro Cancer Metastasis Induced by Mechanical Force

PDF

Topics: Cancer , Tumors , Biomedicine , Signals , Surgery

Natural, Biomimetic and Bioinspired Materials and Structures

Nature Nanocomposite Versus Man-Made Nanocomposites: Studies of Nanoscale Structural, Chemical and Mechanical Hierarchy of a Fish Scale in Contrast With Man-Made Polymer Nanocomposites

D. Devaprakasam

NEMB 2013; V001T07A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93085

Abstract

View Articletitled, Nature Nanocomposite Versus Man-Made Nanocomposites: Studies of Nanoscale Structural, Chemical and Mechanical Hierarchy of a Fish Scale in Contrast With Man-Made Polymer Nanocomposites

PDF

Topics: Nanocomposites , Nanoscale phenomena , Polymer nanocomposites , Biological tissues , Bone , Minerals , Mechanical properties , Biomacromolecules , Drag (Fluid dynamics) , Elasticity

Carbon Nanobrushes Embedded Within Hydrogel Composites for Tissue Engineering

William H. Marks, Sze C. Yang, George W. Dombi, Sujata K. Bhatia

NEMB 2013; V001T07A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93122

Abstract

View Articletitled, Carbon Nanobrushes Embedded Within Hydrogel Composites for Tissue Engineering

PDF

Topics: Carbon , Composite materials , Hydrogels , Tissue engineering , Fibroblasts , Biological tissues , Biomimetics , Biocompatibility , Biomedicine , Electrical conductivity

Development of a Biomimetic Electrospun Microfibrous Scaffold With Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Cartilage Regeneration

Benjamin Holmes, Nathan J. Castro, Jian Li, Lijie Grace Zhang

NEMB 2013; V001T07A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93202

Abstract

View Articletitled, Development of a Biomimetic Electrospun Microfibrous Scaffold With Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Cartilage Regeneration

PDF

Topics: Biomimetics , Cartilage , Multi-walled carbon nanotubes , Biomedicine , Carbon nanotubes , Fibers , Stem cells , Tissue engineering , Biocompatibility , Biological tissues

Advanced Biomimetic Nanodevice Using Nanotechnology Addressable Lipid Rafts Nanoarrays Toward Advanced Nanomaterials

HeaYeon Lee, JuKyung Lee

NEMB 2013; V001T07A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93286

Abstract

View Articletitled, Advanced Biomimetic Nanodevice Using Nanotechnology Addressable Lipid Rafts Nanoarrays Toward Advanced Nanomaterials

PDF

Topics: Assaying , Biocompatibility , Biomimetics , Biotechnology , Chemistry , Geometry , Lipid bilayers , Manufacturing , Membranes , Nanofabrication

An Innovative Approach for Curcumin Delivery for Breast Cancer Using Albumin Nanoparticles

P. Soucy, W. Ehringer, C. Klinge, H. Frieboes, A. Gobin

NEMB 2013; V001T07A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93295

Abstract

View Articletitled, An Innovative Approach for Curcumin Delivery for Breast Cancer Using Albumin Nanoparticles

PDF

Topics: Cancer , Nanoparticles , Tumors , Modeling , Particulate matter

Interaction With Nanoscale Topography: The Use of Nanowell-Trapped Charged Ligand-Bearing Nanoparticle Surfaces To Modulate Physiological Focal Adhesions in Endothelial Cells

Phat L. Tran, Jessica R. Gamboa, Katherine E. McCracken, Jeong-Yeol Yoon, Marvin J. Slepian

NEMB 2013; V001T07A006doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/NEMB2013-93345

Abstract

View Articletitled, Interaction With Nanoscale Topography: The Use of Nanowell-Trapped Charged Ligand-Bearing Nanoparticle Surfaces To Modulate Physiological Focal Adhesions in Endothelial Cells

PDF

Topics: Bearings , Endothelial cells , Nanoparticles , Nanoscale phenomena , Physiology , Adhesion , Adhesives , Biomaterials , Flow (Dynamics) , Blood