The flow field inside a model of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) canine artery end-to-side bypass graft was studied under steady flow conditions using laser-Doppler anemometry. The anatomically realistic in vitro model was constructed to incorporate the major geometric features of the in vivo canine anastomosis geometry, most notably a larger graft than host artery diameter. The velocity measurements at Reynolds number 208, based on the host artery diameter, show the flow field to be three dimensional in nature. The wall shear stress distribution, computed from the near-wall velocity gradients, reveals a relatively low wall shear stress region on the wall opposite to the graft near the stagnation point approximately one artery diameter in axial length at the midplane. This low wall shear stress region extends to the sidewalls, suture lines, and along the PTFE graft where its axial length at the midplane is more than two artery diameters. The velocity distribution inside the graft model presented here provides a data set well suited for validation of numerical solutions on a model of this type.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Topics:
Flow (Dynamics), Shear stress, Geometry, Lasers, Reynolds number, Velocity measurement
1.
Bassiouny
 
H. S.
,
White
 
S. S.
,
Glagov
 
S.
,
Choi
 
E.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
, and
Zarins
 
C. K.
,
1992
, “
Anastomic Intimal Hyperplasia: Mechanical Injury or Flow Induced?
,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
, Vol.
15
, No.
4
, pp.
708
–
717
.
2.
Bassiouny
 
H. S.
,
Krievins
 
D.
,
Zarins
 
C. K.
,
Abu-Hamad
 
G.
, and
Glagov
 
S.
,
1993
, “
Distal Arteriovenous Fistula Inhibits Experimental Anastomotic Intimal Thickening
,”
Surgical Forum
, Vol.
44
, pp.
345
–
346
.
3.
Bharadvaj
 
B. K.
,
Mabon
 
R. F.
, and
Giddens
 
D. P.
,
1982
, “
Steady Flow in a Model of the Human Carotid Bifurcation. Part 2: Laser-Doppler Anemometer Measurements
,”
Journal of Biomechanics
, Vol.
15
, No.
5
, pp.
363
–
378
.
4.
Binns
 
R. L.
,
Ku
 
D. N.
,
Stewart
 
M. T.
,
Ansley
 
J. P.
, and
Coyle
 
K. A.
,
1989
, “
Optimal Graft Diameter: Effect of Wall Shear Stress on Vascular Healing
,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
, Vol.
10
, pp.
326
–
337
.
5.
Crawshaw
 
H. M.
,
Quist
 
W. C.
,
Serrallach
 
E.
, and
LoGerfo
 
F. W.
,
1980
, “
Flow Disturbance at the Distal End-to-Side Anastomosis
,”
Archives of Surgery
, Vol.
115
, pp.
1280
–
1284
.
6.
Dean
 
W. R.
,
1927
, “
Note on the Motion of Fluid in a Curved Pipe
,”
Philosophical Magazine
, Vol.
4
, pp.
208
–
223
.
7.
Dean
 
W. R.
,
1928
, “
The Stream Line Motion of Fluid in a Curved Pipe
,”
Philosophical Magazine
, Vol.
5
, pp.
673
–
693
.
8.
Echave
 
V.
,
Koornick
 
A. R.
,
Haimov
 
M.
, and
Jacobson
 
J. H.
,
1979
, “
Intimal Hyperplasia as a Complication of the Use of the Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft for Femoral-Popliteal Bypass
,”
Surgery
, Vol.
86
, No.
6
, pp.
791
–
798
.
9.
Fillinger, M. F., Kerns, D. B., and Schwartz, R. A., 1991, “Hemodynamics and Intimal Hyperplasia,” Vascular Access for Hemodialysis—II, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., and Precept Press, Inc., B. G. Sommer and M. L. Henry, eds., chap. 2, pp. 21–51.
10.
Giddens, E. M., Giddens, D. P., White, S. S., Zarins, C. K., Bassiouny, H. S., and Glagov, S., 1990, “Exercise Flow Conditions Eliminate Stasis at Vascular Graft Anastomoses,” Biomechanics 3; Proc. Third Mid–Atlantic Conference in Biofluid Mechanics, D. J. Schneck and C. L. Lewis, eds., New York University Press, pp. 255–267.
11.
Glagov, S., Giddens, D. P., Bassiouny, H. S., White S. S., and Zarins, C. K., 1991, “Hemodynamic Effects and Tissue Reactions at Graft to Vein Anastomosis for Vascular Access,” Vascular Access for Hemodialysis—II, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., and Precept Press, Inc., B. G. Sommer and M. L. Henry, eds., chap. 1, pp. 3–20.
12.
Imparato
 
A. M.
,
Bracco
 
A.
,
Kim
 
G. E.
, and
Zeff
 
R.
,
1972
, “
Intimal and Neointimal Fibrous Proliferation Causing Failure of Arterial Reconstructions
,”
Surgery
, Vol.
72
, No.
6
, pp.
1007
–
1017
.
13.
Kamiya
 
A.
, and
Togawa
 
T.
,
1980
, “
Adaptive Regulation of Wall Shear Stress to Flow Change in the Canine Carotid Artery
,”
American Journal of Physiology
, Vol.
239
, No.
1
, pp.
H14–H21
H14–H21
.
14.
Keynton
 
R. S.
,
Rittgers
 
S. E.
, and
Shu
 
M. C. S.
,
1991
, “
The Effect of Angle and Flow Rate Upon Hemodynamics in Distal Vascular Graft Anastomoses: An In Vitro Model Study
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol.
113
, pp.
458
–
463
.
15.
Ku
 
D. N.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
,
Zarins
 
C. K.
, and
Glagov
 
S.
,
1985
, “
Pulsatile Flow and Atherosclerosis in the Human Carotid Bifurcation: Positive Correlation Between Plaque Location and Low and Oscillating Shear Stress
,”
Arteriosclerosis
, Vol.
5
, No.
3
, pp.
293
–
302
.
16.
Langille
 
B. L.
, and
O’Donnell
 
F.
,
1986
, “
Reductions in Arterial Diameter Produced by Chronic Decreases in Blood Flow Are Endothelium-Dependent
,”
Science
, Vol.
231
, pp.
405
–
407
.
17.
LoGerfo
 
F. W.
,
Quist
 
W. C., Nowak, M. D., Crawshaw, H. M., and Haudenschild, C. C.
,
1983
, “
Downstream Anastomotic Hyperplasia, A Mechanism of Failure in Dacron Arterial Grafts
,”
Annals of Surgery
, Vol.
197
, No.
4
, pp.
479
–
483
.
18.
Loth, F., 1993, “Velocity and Wall Shear Stress Measurements Inside a Vascular Graft Model Under Steady and Pulsatile Flow Conditions,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
19.
Loth
 
F.
,
Jones
 
S. A.
,
Bassiouny
 
H. S.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
,
Zarins
 
C. K.
, and
Glagov
 
S.
,
1993
, “
Laser Doppler Velocity Measurements Inside a Vascular Graft Model Under Steady Flow Conditions
,”
Bioengineering Conference Proc.
, N. A. Langrana, M. H. Friedman, and E. S. Grood, eds., ASME BED-Vol.
24
, pp.
48
–
51
.
20.
Loth
 
F.
,
Jones
 
S. A.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
, and
Brossollet
 
L. J.
,
1994
, “
Accuracy of Wall Shear Stress Estimates From Laser Doppler Anemometry Measurements Under Unsteady Flow Conditions
,”
Advances in Bioengineering
, M. J. Askew, ed., ASME BED-Vol.
128
, pp.
307
–
308
.
21.
Ojha
 
M.
,
Ethier
 
C. R.
,
Johnston
 
K. W.
, and
Cobbold
 
R. S. C.
,
1990
, “
Steady and Pulsatile Flow in an End–To-Side Arterial Anastomosis Model
,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
, Vol.
12
, pp.
747
–
753
.
22.
Ojha
 
M.
,
1993
, “
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Wall Shear Stress Within an End-To-Side Arterial Anastomosis Model
,”
Journal of Biomechanics
, Vol.
26
, No.
12
, pp.
1377
–
1388
.
23.
Ojha
 
M.
,
1994
, “
Wall Shear Stress Temporal Gradient and Anastomotic Intimal Hyperplasia
,”
Circulation Research
, Vol.
74
, No.
6
, pp.
1227
–
1231
.
24.
Sanders
 
R. J.
,
Kempczinski
 
R. F.
,
Hammond
 
W.
, and
DiClementi
 
D.
,
1980
, “
The Significance of Graft Diameter
,”
Surgery
, Vol.
88
, No.
6
, pp.
856
–
866
.
25.
Shu
 
M. C. S.
, and
Hwang
 
N. H. C.
,
1991
, “
Haemodynamics of Angioaccess Venous Anastomoses
,”
Journal of Biomedical Engineering
, Vol.
13
, pp.
103
–
112
.
26.
Sottiurai
 
V. S.
,
Yao
 
J. S. T.
,
Batson
 
R. C.
,
Sue
 
S. L.
,
Jones
 
R.
, and
Nakamura
 
Y. A.
,
1989
, “
Distal Anastomotic Intimal Hyperplasia: Histopathologic Character and Biogenesis
,”
Annals of Vascular Surgery
, Vol.
3
, No.
1
, pp.
26
–
33
.
27.
White, F. M., 1974, Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, Inc., pp. 172–180.
28.
White
 
S. S.
,
Zarins
 
C. K.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
,
Bassiouny
 
H. S.
,
Loth
 
F.
,
Jones
 
S. A.
, and
Glagov
 
S.
,
1993
, “
Hemodynamic Patterns in Two Flow Models of End-to-Side Vascular Graft Anastomoses: Effects of Pulsatility, Flow Division, Reynolds Number and Hood Length
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING
, Vol.
115
, pp.
104
–
111
.
29.
Zarins
 
C. K.
,
Zatina
 
M. A.
,
Giddens
 
D. P.
,
Ku
 
D. N.
, and
Glagov
 
S.
,
1987
, “
Shear Stress Regulation of Artery Lumen Diameter in Experimental Atherogenesis
,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
, Vol.
5
, No.
3
, pp.
413
–
420
.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1997
 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.