... to turbulent fluctuations. A residence time study is also done to identify blood recirculation zones, as a recirculation region can lead to degradation of the arterial wall. In some of the geometries simulated, the enhanced local mixing due to turbulence does not allow a recirculation zone to form, whereas...

... by Steinman [( 23 )] for pathline visualization. A second limitation is that the carotid bifurcations studied here had fairly normal geometry with no stenoses. It is relatively straightforward to target particles to the recirculation region or to seed particles in it. Models of stenosed carotid bifurcations...