... an optimal control of active cell balancing for serially connected battery pack that maintains the cell’s current and temperature in a suitable range during the equalizing process. Using the cell-to-cell balancing circuit based on CuK converter for two adjacent cells, the state of charge (SoC...

... to be acceptable can propagate into considerable setpoint deviation in a closed loop situation. Computational power required to operate the MPC is also of great concern for applications such as fuel cell power plants. While optimal control schemes remain an attractive solution for multiobjective control...

... spatial discretization and the solution of the resulting very large scale optimal control problem by a nonlinear programming approach. Sensitivity ∂ γ a , in ∕ ∂ p 1 with respect to a perturbation in the cell current I cell Sensitivity ∂ γ...