... was accommodated in probabilistic models assuming uniform distributions in the annual reductions in solar and wind resources. Uncertainty in battery storage performance was also evaluated based on increased temperature, capacity fade, and degradation in round-trip efficiency. The hourly energy balance among...

... increase and capacity fade as functions of the battery stress factors and charge throughput. Details on modeling the power and capacity fade can be found in Refs. [ 14 , 16 ]. The battery temperature, SOC, and current are the most effective stress factors for battery aging. The capacity and internal...