... the development of low-emissions technologies. Atomization modeling is often facilitated by using the Lagrangian approach rather than the more complex and computationally expensive Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) approach. However, most Lagrangian breakup models rely on empirical constants that must be fully calibrated...

... using a Lagrangian model ( 12 ) taking aerodynamic drag as the dominant force on the droplet. The relative importance of gravity on the droplet motion in such flows has been shown to be negligible ( 10 13 ) and is thus omitted. The droplets are modeled as rigid spheres assuming a low droplet loading...