Conventional paints transmit or absorb most of the intense infrared radiation emitted by fire, a fact that contributes to the spread of fire. Techniques used for design of coatings with high visible reflectivity are here adapted to the design of coatings that have high reflectivity in the 1 to 8 μm wavelength range important in fires. Promising materials for pigments include titanium dioxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, and silicon, with particle diameters in the 1 to 2 μm range. Aluminum flake pigments are also effective. Pigment synthesis by the deposition of coatings on mica flakes is briefly discussed.
Issue Section:
Radiative Transfer
1.
Becker, W., Rupprecht, H., and Troitzsch, J., 1990, “National and International Fire Protection Regulations and Test Procedures,” in: International Plastics Flammability Handbook, J. Troitzsch, ed., Oxford University Press, New York.
2.
Berdahl
P.
Martin
M.
Sakkal
F.
1983
, “Thermal Performance of Radiative Cooling Panels
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, Vol. 26
, p. 871
871
.3.
Bohren, C. F., and Huffman, D. R., 1983, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley, New York.
4.
Brady
R. F.
1987
, J. Prot. Coat. Linings
, Vol. 4
, No. 7
, p. 42
42
.5.
Brady
R. F.
Wake
L. V.
1992
, “Principles and Formulations for Organic Coatings With Tailored Infrared Properties
,” Prog. in Organic Coatings
, Vol. 20
, p. 1
1
.6.
Conley, R. T., 1972, Infrared Spectroscopy, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston.
7.
Cronemeyer
D. C.
1952
, Phys. Rev.
, Vol. 87
, p. 876
876
.8.
Devore
J. R.
1951
, J. Opt. Soc. Amer.
, Vol. 41
, p. 416
416
.9.
Drysdale, D., 1990, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, Wiley, New York.
10.
Ellis, H., 1992, “Fire Barrier Coating and Fire Barrier Plywood,” U.S. Patent No. 5,130,184.
11.
Ensminger, R. I., 1988, “Pigmentation of Flame-Resistant and Intumescent Paints,” in: Pigment Handbook, Vol. 2, P. A. Lewis, ed., Wiley, New York, 123.
12.
Granqvist
C. G.
1990
, “Window Coatings for the Future
,” Thin Solid Films
, Vol. 193/194
, p. 730
730
.13.
Greenstein, L. M., 1988, “Nacreous (Pearlescent) Pigments and Interference Pigments,” in: Pigment Handbook, Vol. 1, Properties and Economics, P. A. Lewis, ed., Wiley, New York.
14.
Hagglund
B.
Persson
L. E.
1976
, “An Experimental Study of the Radiation From Wood Flames
,” FoU-Brand
, Vol. 1
, p. 2
2
; see also Drysdale (1990), Sec. 2.4.15.
Hare, C. H., 1992, “Aluminum Pigments—Radiant Energy Reflection, Barrier Protection, and Improved Film Durability,” J. Prot. Coat. Linings, Aug., p. 63.
16.
Hawley, G. C., 1988, “Aluminum Potassium Silicate,” in: Pigment Handbook, Vol. 1, Properties and Economics, P. A. Lewis, ed., Wiley, New York, p. 227.
17.
LaRocca, A. J., 1978, “Atmospheric Absorption,” in: The Infrared Handbook, W. L. Wolfe and G. J. Zisis, eds., Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Fig. 5-14.
18.
Law, M., 1963, “Heat Radiation From Fires, and Building Separation,” Fire Research Technical Paper No. 5, HMSO, London.
19.
Lawson
D. I.
Simms
D. L.
1952
, “The Ignition of Wood by Radiation
,” British J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol. 3
, p. 288
288
.20.
Nilsson
T. M. J.
Niklasson
G. A.
Granqvist
C. G.
1992
, “A Solar Reflecting Material for Radiative Cooling Applications: ZnS Pigmented Polyethylene
,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
, Vol. 28
, p. 175
175
.21.
Palmer
B. R.
Stamatakis
P.
Bohren
C. F.
Salzman
G. C.
1989
, “A Multiple-Scattering Model for Opacifying Particles in Polymer Films
,” J. Coatings Technol.
, Vol. 61
, No. 779
, p. 41
41
.22.
Quintiere
J. G.
1981
, “A Simplified Theory for Generalizing Results From a Radiant Panel Rate of Flame Spread Apparatus
,” Fire and Materials
, Vol. 5
, p. 52
52
.23.
Ribarsky, M. W., 1985, “Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) (Rutile),” in: Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 795.
24.
Rutherford
D. J.
Simpson
L. A.
1985
, “Use of a Flocculation Gradient Monitor for Quantifying Titanium Dioxide Pigment Dispersion in Dry and Wet Paint Films
,” J. Coatings Technol.
, Vol. 57
, No. 724
, p. 75
75
.25.
Smith
G. B.
Niklasson
G. A.
Svensson
J. S. E. M.
Granqvist
C. G.
1986
, J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol. 59
, p. 571
571
.26.
Stearns
J. R.
Zahniser
M. S.
Kolb
C. E.
Sandford
B. P.
1986
, “Airborne Infrared Observations and Analyses of a Large Forest Fire
,” Appl. Optics
, Vol. 25
, p. 2554
2554
.27.
Stjerna
B.
Granqvist
C. G.
1990
, “Optical and Electrical Properties of SnOx Thin Films Made by Reactive R. F. Magnetron Sputtering
,” Thin Solid Films
, Vol. 193/194
, p. 704
704
.28.
Touloukian, Y. S., DeWitt, D. P., and Hernicz, R. S., 1972, Thermal Radiative Properties, Coatings, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 9, IFI/Plenum, New York.
29.
Zallen, R., 1983, The Physics of Amorphous Solids, Sec. 6.2, Wiley, New York.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1995
by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
