Abstract
Polymer coatings are widely used in industrial applications. The mechanical properties of these polymer coatings are known to vary with temperature and deformation rate. The characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of these coatings at high temperatures via traditional uniaxial testing is challenging often due to their brittleness and small size. In this paper, the mechanical properties of polymer coatings are reported with emphasis on their dynamic mechanical properties at temperatures up to 280 °C characterized by a dynamic nanoindentation technique with a sharp indenter tip. Nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical response with emphasis on dynamic mechanical properties of polymer coatings enclosed in a high-temperature stage. To verify the method, the viscoelastic properties of a reference polyethylene terephthalate polyester film were also characterized by uniaxial cyclic tensile testing which exhibited an excellent agreement with the proposed technique. The proposed nanoindentation method can be applied to other polymer coatings and thin films that are used in applications at high temperatures.
References
1.
Choi
, G. M.
, Jin
, J.
, Shin
, D.
, Kim
, Y. H.
, Ko
, J. H.
, Im
, H. G.
, Jang
, J.
, Jang
, D.
, and Bae
, B. S.
, 2017
, “Flexible Hard Coating: Glass-Like Wear Resistant, Yet Plastic-Like Compliant, Transparent Protective Coating for Foldable Displays
,” Adv. Mater.
, 29
(19
), p. 1700205
. 2.
Kumar
, S. K.
, Benicewicz
, B. C.
, Vaia
, R. A.
, and Winey
, K. I.
, 2017
, “50th Anniversary Perspective: Are Polymer Nanocomposites Practical for Applications?
,” Macromolecules
, 50
(3
), pp. 714
–731
. 3.
Ehlert
, S.
, Stegelmeier
, C.
, Pirner
, D.
, and Forster
, S.
, 2015
, “A General Route to Optically Transparent Highly Filled Polymer Nanocomposites
,” Macromolecules
, 48
(15
), pp. 5323
–5327
. 4.
Kowalski
, D.
, Ueda
, M.
, and Ohtsuka
, T.
, 2010
, “Self-Healing Ion-Permselective Conducting Polymer Coating
,” J. Mater. Chem.
, 20
(36
), pp. 7630
–7633
. 5.
Kumar
, R.
, Molin
, D.
, Young
, L.
, and Ke
, F.
, 2004
, “New High Temperature Polymer Thin Coating for Power Electronics
,” Nineteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004 (APEC’04)
, Anaheim, CA
, Feb. 22–26
, IEEE, pp. 1247
–1249
.6.
Wuu
, D.-S.
, Chen
, T.-N.
, Lay
, E.
, Liu
, C.-H.
, Chang
, C.-H.
, Wei
, H.-F.
, Jiang
, L.-Y.
, Lee
, H.-U.
, and Chang
, Y.-Y.
, 2009
, “Transparent Barrier Coatings on High Temperature Resisting Polymer Substrates for Flexible Electronic Applications
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 157
(2
), p. C47
. 7.
Hergenrother
, P. M.
, 2003
, “The Use, Design, Synthesis, and Properties of High Performance/High Temperature Polymers: An Overview
,” High Perform. Polym.
, 15
(1
), pp. 3
–45
. 8.
Zoveidavianpoor
, M.
, and Gharibi
, A.
, 2015
, “Application of Polymers for Coating of Proppant in Hydraulic Fracturing of Subterraneous Formations: A Comprehensive Review
,” J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng.
, 24
, pp. 197
–209
. 9.
Matsuda
, Y.
, Rathore
, J.
, Interrante
, L.
, Dauskardt
, R.
, and Dubois
, G.
, 2012
, “Moisture-Insensitive Polycarbosilane Films With Superior Mechanical Properties
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 4
(5
), pp. 2659
–2663
. 10.
Matsuda
, Y.
, Ryu
, I.
, King
, S. W.
, Bielefeld
, J.
, and Dauskardt
, R. H.
, 2014
, “Toughening Thin-Film Structures With Ceramic-Like Amorphous Silicon Carbide Films
,” Small
, 10
(2
), pp. 253
–257
. 11.
Xiang
, Y.
, Chen
, X.
, and Vlassak
, J. J.
, 2005
, “Plane-Strain Bulge Test for Thin Films
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 20
(9
), pp. 2360
–2370
. 12.
Yu
, D. Y.
, and Spaepen
, F.
, 2004
, “The Yield Strength of Thin Copper Films on Kapton
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 95
(6
), pp. 2991
–2997
. 13.
Lee
, H.-J.
, Zhang
, P.
, and Bravman
, J. C.
, 2003
, “Tensile Failure by Grain Thinning in Micromachined Aluminum Thin Films
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 93
(3
), pp. 1443
–1451
. 14.
Woehrmann
, M.
, Keller
, A.
, Fritzsch
, T.
, Schiffer
, M.
, Gollhardt
, A.
, Walter
, H.
, Schneider-Ramelow
, M.
, and Lang
, K.-D.
, 2020
, “Reliability Investigation of Ultra Fine Line, Multi-Layer Copper Routing for Fan-Out Packaging Using a Newly Designed Micro Tensile Test Method
,” 2020 IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)
, Orlando, FL
, June 3–30
, IEEE, pp. 893
–899
.15.
Si
, L.
, Massa
, M. V.
, Dalnoki-Veress
, K.
, Brown
, H. R.
, and Jones
, R. A. L.
, 2005
, “Chain Entanglement in Thin Freestanding Polymer Films
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
, 94
(12
), p. 127801
. 16.
Vlassak
, J.
, and Nix
, W.
, 1992
, “A New Bulge Test Technique for the Determination of Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio of Thin Films
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 7
(12
), pp. 3242
–3249
. 17.
Minor
, A. M.
, Asif
, S. S.
, Shan
, Z.
, Stach
, E. A.
, Cyrankowski
, E.
, Wyrobek
, T. J.
, and Warren
, O. L.
, 2006
, “A New View of the Onset of Plasticity During the Nanoindentation of Aluminium
,” Nat. Mater.
, 5
(9
), pp. 697
–702
. 18.
Greer
, J. R.
, and De Hosson
, J. T. M.
, 2011
, “Plasticity in Small-Sized Metallic Systems: Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Size Effect
,” Prog. Mater. Sci.
, 56
(6
), pp. 654
–724
. 19.
Greer
, J. R.
, Oliver
, W. C.
, and Nix
, W. D.
, 2005
, “Size Dependence of Mechanical Properties of Gold at the Micron Scale in the Absence of Strain Gradients
,” Acta Mater.
, 53
(6
), pp. 1821
–1830
. 20.
Uchic
, M. D.
, Shade
, P. A.
, and Dimiduk
, D. M.
, 2009
, “Plasticity of Micrometer-Scale Single Crystals in Compression
,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.
, 39
(1
), pp. 361
–386
. 21.
Lan
, P.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Dai
, W.
, and Polycarpou
, A. A.
, 2018
, “A Phenomenological Elevated Temperature Friction Model for Viscoelastic Polymer Coatings Based on Nanoindentation
,” Tribol. Int.
, 119
, pp. 299
–307
. 22.
Wang
, X.
, Zhao
, L.
, Deng
, Y.
, Li
, Y.
, and Wang
, S.
, 2018
, “Effect of the Penetration of Isocyanates (pMDI) on the Nanomechanics of Wood Cell Wall Evaluated by AFM-IR and Nanoindentation (NI)
,” Holzforschung
, 72
(4
), pp. 301
–309
. 23.
Voyiadjis
, G. Z.
, Samadi-Dooki
, A.
, and Malekmotiei
, L.
, 2017
, “Nanoindentation of High Performance Semicrystalline Polymers: A Case Study on PEEK
,” Polym. Test.
, 61
, pp. 57
–64
. 24.
Patel
, N. G.
, Sreeram
, A.
, Venkatanarayanan
, R. I.
, Krishnan
, S.
, and Yuya
, P. A.
, 2015
, “Elevated Temperature Nanoindentation Characterization of Poly (Para-Phenylene Vinylene) Conjugated Polymer Films
,” Polym. Test.
, 41
, pp. 17
–25
. 25.
Juliano
, T.
, VanLandingham
, M.
, Tweedie
, C.
, and Van Vliet
, K.
, 2007
, “Multiscale Creep Compliance of Epoxy Networks at Elevated Temperatures
,” Exp. Mech.
, 47
(1
), pp. 99
–105
. 26.
Lu
, H.
, Wang
, B.
, Ma
, J.
, Huang
, G.
, and Viswanathan
, H.
, 2003
, “Measurement of Creep Compliance of Solid Polymers by Nanoindentation
,” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater.
, 7
(3
), pp. 189
–207
. 27.
Huang
, G.
, and Lu
, H.
, 2006
, “Measurement of Young’s Relaxation Modulus Using Nanoindentation
,” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater.
, 10
(3
), pp. 229
–243
. 28.
Herbert
, E.
, Oliver
, W.
, and Pharr
, G.
, 2008
, “Nanoindentation and the Dynamic Characterization of Viscoelastic Solids
,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, 41
(7
), p. 074021
. 29.
Asif
, S. S.
, and Pethica
, J.
, 1997
, “Nano-Scale Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Materials
,” MRS Online Proc. Lib.
, 505
(103
). 30.
Johnson
, K. L.
, 1985
, Contact Mechanics
, Cambridge University Press
, Cambridge
.31.
Tweedie
, C. A.
, and Van Vliet
, K. J.
, 2006
, “Contact Creep Compliance of Viscoelastic Materials Via Nanoindentation
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 21
(6
), pp. 1576
–1589
. 32.
Bruker
, “NanoDMA III for Polymers: Primer and Applications.” www.bruker.com/nanomechanical-testing33.
Oliver
, W. C.
, and Pharr
, G. M.
, 1992
, “An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic-Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 7
(6
), pp. 1564
–1583
. 34.
Bruker
, “xSol High-Temperature Stage.” www.bruker.com/nanomechanical-testing35.
Liang
, Y. L.
, and Pearson
, R. A.
, 2009
, “Toughening Mechanisms in Epoxy-Silica Nanocomposites (ESNs)
,” Polymer
, 50
(20
), pp. 4895
–4905
. 36.
Bagheri
, R.
, Marouf
, B.
, and Pearson
, R.
, 2009
, “Rubber-Toughened Epoxies: A Critical Review
,” J. Macromol. Sci. Part C: Polym. Rev.
, 49
(3
), pp. 201
–225
. 37.
Bucknall
, C.
, and Paul
, D.
, 2009
, “Notched Impact Behavior of Polymer Blends: Part 1: New Model for Particle Size Dependence
,” Polymer
, 50
(23
), pp. 5539
–5548
. 38.
Kang
, B. U.
, Jho
, J. Y.
, Kim
, J.
, Lee
, S. S.
, Park
, M.
, Lim
, S.
, and Choe
, C. R.
, 2001
, “Effect of Molecular Weight Between Crosslinks on the Fracture Behavior of Rubber-Toughened Epoxy Adhesives
,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, 79
(1
), pp. 38
–48
. 39.
Giannakopoulos
, G.
, Masania
, K.
, and Taylor
, A.
, 2011
, “Toughening of Epoxy Using Core–Shell Particles
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 46
(2
), pp. 327
–338
. 40.
Labonte
, D.
, Lenz
, A.-K.
, and Oyen
, M. L.
, 2017
, “On the Relationship Between Indentation Hardness and Modulus, and the Damage Resistance of Biological Materials
,” Acta Biomater.
, 57
, pp. 373
–383
. 41.
Hutchings
, I. M.
, 1992
, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials
, CRC Press
, Boca Raton, FL
.42.
Oliver
, W. C.
, and Pharr
, G. M.
, 2004
, “Measurement of Hardness and Elastic Modulus by Instrumented Indentation: Advances in Understanding and Refinements to Methodology
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 19
(1
), pp. 3
–20
. 43.
Cheng
, Y.-T.
, and Cheng
, C.-M.
, 1998
, “Scaling Approach to Conical Indentation in Elastic-Plastic Solids With Work Hardening
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 84
(3
), pp. 1284
–1291
. 44.
Cheng
, Y.-T.
, and Cheng (Zheng Zhemin)
, C.-M.
, 1999
, “Scaling Relationships in Conical Indentation of Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Solids
,” Int. J. Solids Struct.
, 36
(8
), pp. 1231
–1243
. 45.
Cheng
, Y.-T.
, and Cheng
, C.-M.
, 1998
, “Relationships Between Hardness, Elastic Modulus, and the Work of Indentation
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 73
(5
), pp. 614
–616
. Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
