An investigation of the shakedown behavior of axisymmetric nozzles under internal pressure is presented. The analysis is based on elastic-plastic finite element analysis and Melan’s lower bound shakedown theorem. Calculated shakedown pressures are compared with values from the literature and with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 2 primary plus secondary stress limits. Results obtained by the lower bound method are also verified by cyclic elastic-plastic finite element analysis.

1.
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1998, ASME, New York.
2.
Procter, E., and Findlers, R. F., 1967, “Experimental Investigation Into the Elastic/Plastic Behavior of Isolated Nozzles in Spherical Shells: Part II—Shakedown and Plastic Analysis,” Report RD/B/N861, Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, C.E.G.B. Research Department, Berkeley, U.K.
3.
Proctor, E. and Strong, J. T., 1972, “Pressure Tests on Flush Cylider-Cylinder Intersections. Elastic and Elastic/Plastic Behavior,” Report RD/B/N2244, Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, C.E.G.B. Research Department, Berkeley, U.K.
4.
Leckie
,
F. A.
, and
Penny
,
R. K.
,
1967
, “
Shakedown Loads for Radial Nozzles in Spherical Pressure Vessels
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
,
3
, pp.
743
755
.
5.
British Standards Institution, 1991, “Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels,” BS5500.
6.
Melan
,
E.
,
1938
,
Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien
147
,
73
73
.
7.
Belytschko
,
T.
,
1972
, “
Plane Stress Shakedown Analysis by Finite Elements
,”
Int. J. Mech. Sci.
,
14
, pp.
619
625
.
8.
Corradi
,
L.
, and
Zavelani
,
A.
,
1974
, “
A Linear Programming Approach to Shakedown Analysis of Structures
,”
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
,
3
, pp.
37
53
.
9.
Mackenzie
,
D.
et al.
,
2000
, “
The Elastic Compensation Method for Limit and Shakedown Analysis: A Review
,”
J. Strain Anal.
,
35
(
3
), pp.
171
188
.
10.
Preiss
,
R.
,
1999
, “
On the Shakedown Analysis of Nozzles Using Elasto-Plastic FEA
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
76
, pp.
421
434
.
11.
Comite’ Europeen de Normalization (CEN), 1999, Design by Analysis Manual, European Commission, Petten, The Netherlands.
12.
Kalnins, A., 2000, “Plastic Analysis in Pressure Vessel Design— Role of Limit Analysis and Cyclic Loading,” PVPD Tutorial, ASME, New York.
13.
Lubliner, J.,1990, Plasticity Theory, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
14.
Ansys V5.6.1, Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA (Educational License).
You do not currently have access to this content.