... laminar flow. The ternary nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The stable ethylene glycol-based ternary hybrid nanofluid was prepared and its...

... nanofluids enhance flow initiation, reduce fluctuation and are expected to attain a steady-state faster than water. Steady-state mass flow rate increases/decreases for ternary hybrid nanofluid depending on the shape of the nanoparticle, and the total entropy generation rate decreases as compared to water...