In this paper, both theory and experimental setup of the photo-thermal technique are presented. Based on this technique, two measurement methodologies are available: phase shift method and temperature change method. However, only the experimental results from the phase shift method are presented in this paper. The measurements can be performed at any radial direction on a sample’s surface. This technique appears to be a successful method for measuring the variation of surface thermal diffusivity of various materials. An automated platform has also been developed and integrated into the technique to measure and map the variation of surface thermal diffusivity of a material. This technique can be used to detect any surface’s thermal defects of a material. It is also useful in studying the surface temperature distribution of a heat application material. One of its applications is on the study of friction. The temperature increase of a friction material subjected to a sliding process is influenced by its thermal property at the sliding interface. The thermal diffusivity mapping of a rubbing surface may help in predicting its surface temperature distribution and in studying the thermal behavior of a friction interface.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Bowden, F. P., and Tabor, D., 1964, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Part II, Clarendon, Oxford.
2.
Ling, F. F., 1973, Surface Mechanics, Wiley, New York.
3.
Blok, H., 1937, “Theoretical Study of Temperature Rise at Surfaces of Actual Contact under oiliness Lubricating Conditions,” Proceedings of General Discussion of Lubrication and Lubricants, The Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 2, pp. 222–235.
4.
Jaeger, J. C., 1942, “Moving Sources of Heat and the Temperature of Sliding Contacts,” Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 203–224.
5.
Parker
, R. C.
, and Marshall
, P. R.
, 1948
, “The Measurement of the Temperature of Sliding Surfaces with Particular Reference to Railway Blocks
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., London
, 158
, pp. 209
–229
.6.
Sibley, L. B., and Alien, C. M., 1961, “Friction and Wear Behavior of Refractory Materials at High Sliding Velocities and Temperatures,” ASME Paper 61-LUBS-15.
7.
Barber
, J. R.
, 1967
, “The Influence of Thermal Expansion on the Friction and Wear Process
,” Wear
, 10
, pp. 155
–159
.8.
Barber
, J. R.
, 1969
, “Thermoelastic Instabilities in the Sliding of Conforming Solids
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
, 312
, pp. 155
–159
.9.
Santini
, J. J.
, and Kennedy
, Jr., F. E.
, 1975
, “Experimental Investigation of Surface Temperatures and Wear in Disk Brakes
,” Lubr. Eng.
, 31
, pp. 402
–417
.10.
Kennedy
, Jr., F. E.
, 1984
, “Thermal and Thermoelastic Effects in Dry Sliding
,” Wear
, 100
, pp. 453
–476
.11.
Azarkhin
, A.
, and Barber
, J. R.
, 1986
, “Thermoelastic Instability for the Transient Contact Problem of Two Sliding Half-Planes
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 53
, pp. 565
–572
.12.
Barber
, J. R.
, Beaumont
, T. W.
, Waring
, J. R.
, and Pritchard
, C.
, 1985
, “Implications of Thermoelastic Instability for the Design of Brakes
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 107
, pp. 206
–210
.13.
Ling
, F. F.
, and Mow
, V. C.
, 1965
, “Surface Displacement of a Convective Elastic Half-Space Under an Arbitrarily Distributed Fast-Moving Heat Source
,” J. Basic Eng.
, 87
, pp. 811
–817
.14.
Korovchinski
, M. V.
, 1965
, “Plane Contact Problem of Thermoelasticity during Quasi-Stationary Heat Generation on the Contact Surface
,” J. Basic Eng.
, 87
, pp. 811
–817
.15.
Anderson
, R.
, and Knapp
, R. A.
, 1990
, “Hot Spotting in Automotive Friction Systems
,” Wear
, 135
, pp. 319
–337
.16.
Anderson, A., 1992, “Friction and Wear of Automotive Brakes,” ASM Handbook, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, 18, pp. 569–577.
17.
Ling
, F. F.
, and Simkins
, T. E.
, 1963
, “Measurement of Point Wise Junction Condition of Temperature at the Interface of Two Bodies in Sliding Contact
,” J. Basic Eng.
, 85
, pp. 481
–487
.18.
Balakin
, V. A.
, 1981
, “Heat Flow Distribution and Combined Heat-Mass Transfer Processes at the Contact Interface of a Friction Pair
,” J. Eng. Phys.
, 40
, pp. 660
–665
.19.
Crosberg
, P.
, and Mo¨lgaard
, J.
, 1966
, “Aspects of the Wear of Spinning Travellers: Division of Heat at Rubbing Surfaces
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
, 181
No. (3L), p. 16
16
.20.
Quinn
, T. F. J.
, 1978
, “The Division of Heat and Surface Temperatures at Sliding Steel Interfaces and their Relation to Oxidation Wear
,” ASLE Trans.
, 21
, pp. 78
–86
.21.
Berry
, G. A.
, and Barber
, J. R.
, 1984
, “Division of Frictional Heat: Guide to the Nature of Sliding Contact
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 106
, pp. 405
–415
.22.
Bowden
, F. P.
, and Thomas
, P. M.
, 1954
, “Surface Temperature of Sliding Solids
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
, 223
, pp. 29
–40
.23.
Dow
, T. A.
, and Stockwell
, R. D.
, 1977
, “Experimental Verification of Thermoelastic Instabilities in Sliding Contact
,” J. Lubr. Technol.
, 95
, pp. 359
–364
.24.
Furey, M. J., 1977, Experimental Study of Surface Temperatures Generated at the Solid-Solid Interface, Rep. VPI-E-77-27, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA.
25.
Floquet
, A.
, and Play
, D.
, 1981
, “Contact Temperatures in Dry Bearings: Three-Dimensional Theory and Verification
,” J. Lubr. Technol.
, 103
, pp. 243
–252
.26.
Jeelani
, S.
, 1981
, “Measurement of Temperature Distribution in Machining using IR Photography
,” Wear
, 68
, pp. 191
–202
.27.
Wright
, K.
, and Trent
, E. M.
, 1993
, “Metallographic Methods of Determining Temperature Gradients in Cutting Tools
,” J. Iron Steel Inst., London
, 211
, pp. 364
–388
.28.
Lim
, S. C.
, and Ashby
, M. F.
, 1987
, “Wear Mechanisms Maps
,” Acta Metall.
, 35
, No. 1
, pp. 1
–24
.29.
Incropera, F. P., and Dewitt, D. P., 1996, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., p. 50.
30.
Parker
, W. J.
, Jenkins
, R. J.
, Butter
, C. P.
, and Abbott
, G. L.
, 1961
, “Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat capacity and Thermal Conductivity
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 32
, p. 1679
1679
.31.
William
, C. C.
, and Wickramasinghe
, H. K.
, 1986
, “Scanning Thermal Profiler
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 49
, p. 1587
1587
.32.
Oesterschulze
, E.
, and Stopka
, M.
, 1996
, “Photothermal Imaging by Scanning Thermal Microscopy
,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
, 14
, No. 3
, p. 1172
1172
.33.
Majumdar
, A.
, Carrejo
, J. P.
, and Lai
, J.
, 1993
, “Thermal Imaging Using the Atomic Force Microscope
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 62
, p. 2501
2501
.34.
Pylkki
, R. J.
, Moyer
, P. J.
, and West
, P. E.
, 1994
, “Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy and Scanning Thermal Microscopy
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
, 33
, pp. 3785
–3790
.35.
Reading, M. D., Hourston, J., Song, M., et al., 1998, “Thermal Analysis for the 21st Century,” American Lab., pp. 13–17.
36.
Wu
, Z. L.
, Thomas
, M.
, Kuo
, P. K.
, Lu
, Y. S.
, Stolz
, C.
, and Kozlowski
, M.
, 1997
, “Photothermal Characterization of Optical Thin Film Coating
,” Opt. Eng.
, 36
, No. 1
, pp. 251
–262
.37.
Olmstead
, M. A.
, Amer
, N. M.
, Kohn
, S.
, Foumier
, D.
, and Boccara
, A. C.
, 1983
, “Photothermal Displacement Spectroscopy: an Optical Probe for Solids and Surfaces
,” Appl. Phys. A
, 32
, p. 141
141
.38.
Jackson
, W. B.
, Amer
, N. M.
, Boccara
, A. C.
, and Foumier
, D.
, 1981
, “Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy and Detection
,” Appl. Opt.
, 20
, pp. 1333
–1344
.39.
Monzyk, J., 1997, “Study of the Thermal Diffusivities of Carbons Using Optical Beam Deflection,” dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, p. 2.
40.
Cahill
, D. G.
, Fisher
, H. E.
, Klitsner
, T.
, Swartz
, E. T.
, and Pohl
, R. O.
, 1989
, “Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films: Measurement and Understanding
,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
, 7
, No. 3
, pp. 1259
–1266
.41.
Cahill
, D. G.
, 1990
, “Thermal Conductivity Measurement From 30 to 750 K: The 3q Method
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, 61
, pp. 802
–808
.42.
Lam
, T. T.
, and Yeung
, W. K.
, 1995
, “Inverse Determination of Thermal Conductivity for One Dimensional Problems
,” J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer
, 9
, No. 2
, pp. 335
–344
.43.
Lykov, A. V., 1967, Teoriya teploprovodnosty, Vysshaya shkola, Moscow.
44.
Coninck
, R. D.
, 1992
, “Modulated Electron Beam Thermal Diffusivity Equipment
,” Comp. Therm. Prop. Meas. Methods
, 2
, p. 315
315
.45.
Teo, K. M., 2000, “Friction Transitions Studies and Thermal Property Impact on Surface Grooving (Temperature and Stress Modeling in Friction of Composite Particulates),” Master thesis, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, pp. 26, 83.
46.
Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C., 1959, Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford, London, p. 261.
47.
Fabbri
, L.
, and Fenici
, P.
, 1995
, “Three-Dimensional Photothermal Radiometry for the Determination of the Thermal Diffusivity of Solids
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, 66
, pp. 3593
–3600
.48.
Fabbri
, L.
, and Cernuschi
, F.
, 1997
, “Finite Laser Beam Size Effects in Thermal Wave Interferometry
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 82
, pp. 5305
–5311
.49.
Taylor R. E., and Groot, H., 1973, Data Presentation and Related General Information, “Thermophysical Properties of Matter,” Touloukian, Y. S., Powell, R. W., et al., eds., Plenum, New York, Vol. 10, p. 158.
50.
Tian
, X.
, and Kennedy
, Jr., F. E.
, 1994
, “Maximum and Average Flash Temperatures in Sliding Contact
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 116
, pp. 167
–174
.Copyright © 2001
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
