Abstract
Crude oil reserves are sapping with time, therefore researchers have considerably shifted their focus to bio-lubricants which can be surrogated for petroleum-based lubricants. The objective of the present research is to cater an idea to the researchers about the lubricating potentials of Jatropha oil (JO). The study was performed using reciprocating friction monitor (RFM) machine having ball-on-flat arrangement with 52100 chromium steel ball and EN-31 steel as a tribo-pair. The experiments were conducted at three different loads at a temperature of 40 °C. JO was mixed with glycerol (G) and different percentages of molybdenum disulphide (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) micro-particles to prepare a lubricant. The friction and wear of the tribo-pair was assessed in the presence of these mixtures. The results revealed that MoS2 micro-particles were effective in reducing both friction and wear, with minimum friction recorded at 2% MoS2 concentration. The coefficient of friction (COF) was reduced by 18–52% with the addition of MoS2 as compared to the base JO. The results showed that JO has better lubrication ability as compared to the commercial lubricant SAE 10W/30. The experimental results were substantiated by examinations of tribo-pairs on scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, and optical three-dimensional profilometer. The results were found to be in close agreement with each other. It was concluded that the blend (80% JO + 20% G + 2% MoS2) is a strong candidate that can be used in the place of mineral oils as a lubricant.
Issue Section:
Coatings and Solid Lubricants
References
1.
Kouame
, S.-D. B.
, Perez
, J.
, Eser
, S.
, and Benesi
, A.
, 2012
, “H-NMR Monitoring of the Transesterification Process of Jatropha Oil
,” Fuel Process. Technol.
, 97
, pp. 60
–64
. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.0062.
Pradhan
, R. C.
, Mishra
, S.
, Naik
, S. N.
, Bhatnagar
, N.
, and Vijay
, V. K.
, 2011
, “Oil Expression From Jatropha Seeds Using a Screw Press Expeller
,” Biosystems Eng.
, 109
(2
), pp. 158
–166
. 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.02.0123.
Juan
, J. C.
, Kartika
, D. A.
, Wu
, T. Y.
, and Hin
, T.-Y. Y.
, 2011
, “Biodiesel Production From Jatropha Oil by Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Approaches: An Overview
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 102
(2
), pp. 452
–460
. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.0934.
Samniang
, A.
, Tipachan
, C.
, and Kajorncheappun-ngam
, S.
, 2014
, “Comparison of Biodiesel Production From Crude Jatropha Oil and Krating Oil by Supercritical Methanol Transesterification
,” Renewable Energy
, 68
(C
), pp. 351
–355
. 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.0395.
Kumar
, G.
, Kumar
, D.
, Johari
, R.
, and Singh
, C. P.
, 2011
, “Enzymatic Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil Assisted by Ultrasonication
,” Ultrason. Sonochem.
, 18
(5
), pp. 923
–927
. 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.03.0046.
Uusitalo
, V.
, Väisänen
, S.
, Havukainen
, J.
, Havukainen
, M.
, Soukka
, R.
, and Luoranen
, M.
, 2014
, “Carbon Footprint of Renewable Diesel From Palm Oil, Jatropha Oil and Rapeseed Oil
,” Renewable Energy
, 69
(C
), pp. 103
–113
. 10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.0207.
Erhan
, S. Z.
, Sharma
, B. K.
, and Perez
, J. M.
, 2006
, “Oxidation and Low Temperature Stability of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
,” Ind. Crops Prod.
, 24
(3
), pp. 292
–299
. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.06.0088.
Panchal
, T. M.
, Patel
, A.
, Chauhan
, D. D.
, Thomas
, M.
, and Patel
, J. V.
, 2017
, “A Methodological Review on Bio-Lubricants From Vegetable Oil Based Resources
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Revi.
, 70
(C
), pp. 65
–70
. 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.1059.
Syahir
, A. Z.
, Zulkifli
, N. W. M.
, Masjuki
, H. H.
, Kalam
, M. A.
, Alabdulkarem
, A.
, Gulzar
, M.
, Khuong
, L. S.
, and Harith
, M. H.
, 2017
, “A Review on Bio-Based Lubricants and Their Applications
,” J. Cleaner Prod.
, 168
(37
), pp. 997
–1016
. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.10610.
Rahim
, E. A.
, and Sasahara
, H.
, 2011
, “Investigation of Tool Wear and Surface Integrity on MQL Machining of Ti-6Al-4V Using Biodegradable Oil
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng. Manuf.
, 225
(9
), pp. 1505
–1511
. 10.1177/095440541140255411.
Singh
, Y.
, Farooq
, A.
, Raza
, A.
, Mahmood
, M. A.
, and Jain
, S.
, 2017
, “Sustainability of a Non-Edible Vegetable Oil Based Bio-Lubricant for Automotive Applications: A Review
,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot.
, 111
, pp. 701
–713
. 10.1016/j.psep.2017.08.04112.
McNutt
, J.
, and He
, Q.
, 2016
, “Development of Biolubricants From Vegetable Oils via Chemical Modification
,” J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
, 36
, pp. 1
–12
. 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.02.00813.
Syahrullail
, S.
, Kamitani
, S.
, and Shakirin
, A.
, 2013
, “Performance of Vegetable Oil as Lubricant in Extreme Pressure Condition
,” Procedia Eng.
, 68
, pp. 172
–177
. 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.16414.
Gorla
, G.
, Padmaja
, K. V.
, and Prasad
, R. B. N.
, 2016
, “Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Castor Oil-Based Acylated Derivatives as Potential Lubricant Base Stocks
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 55
(34
), pp. 9109
–9117
. 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b0155015.
Zainal
, N. A.
, Zulkifli
, N. W. M.
, Gulzar
, M.
, and Masjuki
, H. H.
, 2018
, “A Review on the Chemistry, Production, and Technological Potential of Bio-based Lubricants
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 82 Part 1
, pp. 80
–102
. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.00416.
Darminesh
, S. P.
, Sidik
, N. A. C.
, Najafi
, G.
, Mamat
, R.
, Ken
, T. L.
, and Asako
, Y.
, 2017
, “Recent Development on Biodegradable Nanolubricant: A Review
,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
, 86
, pp. 159
–165
. 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.05.02217.
Sayuti
, M.
, Sarhan
, A. A. D.
, and Hamdi
, M.
, 2013
, “An Investigation of Optimum SiO2 Nanolubrication Parameters in End Milling of Aerospace Al6061-T6 Alloy
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 67
(1–4
), pp. 833
–849
. 10.1007/s00170-012-4527-z18.
Agarwal
, D.
, and Agarwal
, A. K.
, 2007
, “Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Jatropha Oil (Preheated and Blends) in a Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 27
(13
), pp. 2314
–2323
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.01.00919.
Gofferjé
, G.
, Stäbler
, A.
, Herfellner
, T.
, Schweiggert-Weisz
, U.
, and Flöter
, E.
, 2014
, “Kinetics of Enzymatic Esterification of Glycerol and Free Fatty Acids in Crude Jatropha Oil by Immobilized Lipase From Rhizomucor Miehei
,” J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym.
, 107
, pp. 1
–7
. 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.01020.
Gübitz
, G. M.
, Mittelbach
, M.
, and Trabi
, M.
, 1999
, “Exploitation of the Tropical oil Seed Plant Jatropha Curcas L
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 67
(1
), pp. 73
–82
. 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00069-321.
Lu
, H.
, Liu
, Y.
, Zhou
, H.
, Yang
, Y.
, Chen
, M.
, and Liang
, B.
, 2009
, “Production of Biodiesel From Jatropha Curcas L. Oil
,” Comput. Chem. Eng.
, 33
(5
), pp. 1091
–1096
. 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2008.09.01222.
Sirisomboon
, P.
, Kitchaiya
, P.
, Pholpho
, T.
, and Mahuttanyavanitch
, W.
, 2007
, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Jatropha Curcas L. Fruits, Nuts and Kernels
,” Biosystems Eng.
, 97
(2
), pp. 201
–207
. 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.02.01123.
Menkiti
, M. C.
, Ocheje
, O.
, and Agu
, C. M.
, 2017
, “Production of Environmentally Adapted Lubricant Base Stock From Jatropha Curcas Specie Seed Oil
,” Int. J. Ind. Chem.
, 8
(2
), pp. 133
–144
. 10.1007/s40090-017-0116-124.
Imran
, A.
, Masjuki
, H. H.
, Kalam
, M. A.
, Varman
, M.
, Hasmelidin
, M.
, Al Mahmud
, K. A. H.
, Shahir
, S. A.
, and Habibullah
, M.
, 2013
, “Study of Friction and Wear Characteristic of Jatropha Oil Blended Lube Oil
,” Procedia Eng.
, 68
(27
), pp. 178
–185
. 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.16525.
Ruggiero
, A.
, D’Amato
, R.
, Merola
, M.
, Valašek
, P.
, and Müller
, M.
, 2017
, “Tribological Characterization of Vegetal Lubricants: Comparative Experimental Investigation on Jatropha Curcas L. Oil, Rapeseed Methyl Ester Oil, Hydrotreated Rapeseed Oil
,” Tribol. Int.
, 109
, pp. 529
–540
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.03026.
Resul
, M. F. M. G.
, Ghazi
, T. I. M.
, and Idris
, A.
, 2012
, “Kinetic Study of Jatropha Biolubricant From Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil With Trimethylolpropane: Effects of Temperature
,” Ind. Crops Prod.
, 38
(1
), pp. 87
–92
. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.01.01227.
Golshokouh
, I.
, Saimon
, S. b.
, Ani
, F. N.
, and Golshokouh
, M.
, 2013
, “Jatropha Oil as Alternative Source of Lubricant Oil
,” Life Sci. J.
, 10
(8s
), pp. 268
–276
. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.20128.
Bilal
, S.
, Mohammed-Dabo
, I. A.
, Nuhu
, M.
, Kasim
, S. A.
, Almustapha
, I. H.
, and Yamusa
, Y. A.
, 2013
, “Production of Biolubricant From Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil
,” J. Chem. Eng. Mater. Sci.
, 4
(6
), pp. 72
–79
. 10.5897/JCEMS2013.016429.
Talib
, N.
, and Rahim
, E. A.
, 2018
, “Performance of Modified Jatropha Oil in Combination With Hexagonal Boron Nitride Particles as a Bio-Based Lubricant for Green Machining
,” Tribol. Int.
, 118
, pp. 89
–104
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2017.09.01630.
Shahabuddin
, M.
, Masjuki
, H. H.
, Kalam
, M. A.
, Bhuiya
, M. M. K.
, and Mehat
, H.
, 2013
, “Comparative Tribological Investigation of Bio-Lubricant Formulated From a Non-Edible oil Source (Jatropha Oil)
,” Ind. Crops Prod.
, 47
, pp. 323
–330
. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.02631.
Koshy
, C. P.
, Rajendrakumar
, P. K.
, and Thottackkad
, M. V.
, 2015
, “Evaluation of the Tribological and Thermo-Physical Properties of Coconut Oil Added With MoS2 Nanoparticles at Elevated Temperatures
,” Wear
, 330–331
, pp. 288
–308
. 10.1016/j.wear.2014.12.04432.
Xie
, H.
, Jiang
, B.
, He
, J.
, Xia
, X.
, and Pan
, F.
, 2016
, “Lubrication Performance of MoS2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives in Magnesium Alloy-Steel Contacts
,” Tribol. Int.
, 93 Part A
, pp. 63
–70
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.00933.
Shafi
, W. K.
, Raina
, A.
, and Haq
, M. I. U.
, 2018
, “Tribological Performance of Avocado Oil Containing Copper Nanoparticles in Mixed and Boundary Lubrication Regime
,” Ind. Lubr. Tribol.
, 70
(5
), pp. 865
–871
. 10.1108/ILT-06-2017-016634.
Wang
, Y.
, Wan
, Z.
, Lu
, L.
, Zhang
, Z.
, and Tang
, Y.
, 2018
, “Friction and Wear Mechanisms of Castor Oil With Addition of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
,” Tribol. Int.
, 124
, pp. 10
–22
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.03.03535.
Gulzar
, M.
, Masjuki
, H. H.
, Varman
, M.
, Kalam
, M. A.
, Mufti
, R. A.
, Zulkifli
, N. W. M.
, Yunus
, R.
, and Zahid
, R.
, 2015
, “Improving the AW/EP Ability of Chemically Modified Palm Oil by Adding CuO and MoS2 Nanoparticles
,” Tribol. Int.
, 88
, pp. 271
–279
. 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.03536.
Bhaumik
, S.
, Datta
, S.
, and Pathak
, S. D.
, 2017
, “Analyses of Tribological Properties of Castor Oil With Various Carbonaceous Micro- and Nano- Friction Modifiers
,” ASME J. Tribol
, 139
(6
), p. 061802
. 10.1115/1.403637937.
Gupta
, R. N.
, and Harsha
, A. P.
, 2016
, “Synthesis, Characterization, and Tribological Studies of Calcium–Copper–Titanate Nanoparticles as a Biolubricant Additive
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 139
(2
), p. 021801
. 10.1115/1.403371438.
Charoo
, M. S.
, Wani
, M. F.
, Hanief
, M.
, Chetani
, A.
, and Rather
, M. A.
, 2017
, “Tribological Characteristics of EN8 and EN24 Steel Against Aluminium Alloy 6061 Under Lubricated Condition
,” Adv. Mater. Proc.
, 2
(7
), pp. 445
–449
. 10.5185/amp.2017/70939.
Shafi
, W. K.
, Raina
, A.
, and Haq
, M. I. U.
, 2018
, “Friction and Wear Characteristics of Vegetable Oils Using Nanoparticles for Sustainable Lubrication
,” Tribol.-Mater., Surf. Interfaces
, 12
(1
), pp. 27
–43
. 10.1080/17515831.2018.143534340.
Lee
, K.
, Hwang
, Y.
, Cheong
, S.
, Choi
, Y.
, Kwon
, L.
, Lee
, J.
, and Kim
, S. H.
, 2009
, “Understanding the Role of Nanoparticles in Nano-oil Lubrication
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 35
(2
), pp. 127
–131
. 10.1007/s11249-009-9441-741.
Singh
, H.
, Singh
, P.
, and Bhowmick
, H.
, 2018
, “Influence of MoS2, H3BO3 and MWCNT Additives on the Dry and Lubricated Sliding Tribology of AMMC-Steel Contacts
,” ASME J. Tribol
, 140
(4
), p. 041801
. 10.1115/1.403895742.
Sayuti
, M.
, Sarhan
, A. A. D.
, and Salem
, F.
, 2014
, “Novel Uses of SiO2 Nano-Lubrication System in Hard Turning Process of Hardened Steel AISI4140 for Less Tool Wear, Surface Roughness and oil Consumption
,” J. Cleaner Prod.
, 67
, pp. 265
–276
. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.05243.
Rapoport
, L.
, Leshchinsky
, V.
, Lapsker
, I.
, Volovik
, Y.
, Nepomnyashchy
, O.
, Lvovsky
, M.
, Popovitz-Biro
, R.
, Feldman
, Y.
, and Tenne
, R.
, 2003
, “Tribological Properties of WS2 Nanoparticles Under Mixed Lubrication
,” Wear
, 255
(7–12
), pp. 785
–793
. 10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00044-944.
Hu
, Z. S.
, Lai
, R.
, Lou
, F.
, Wang
, L. G.
, Chen
, Z. L.
, Chen
, G. X.
, and Dong
, J. X.
, 2002
, “Preparation and Tribological Properties of Nanometer Magnesium Borate as Lubricating Oil Additive
,” Wear
, 252
(5–6
), pp. 370
–374
. 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00862-645.
Yu
, H. L.
, Yi
, X. U.
, Shi
, P. J.
, Xu
, B. S.
, Wang
, X. L.
and Qian
, L. I. U.
, 2008
, “Tribological Properties and Lubricating Mechanisms of Cu Nanoparticles in Lubricant
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 18
(3
), pp. 636
–641
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60111-946.
Singh
, Y.
, Garg
, R.
, and Kumar
, S.
, 2018
, “Effect of Sliding Speed and Temperature on the Tribological Behavior of Pongamia Oil-Based Blended Lubricant
,” Energy Sources Part A
, 41
(4
), pp. 468
–480
. 10.1080/15567036.2018.1520330Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
